A Continuing Survey
of Religion and Public Life

This Month:

• Truth and Tolerance
• To Step Gingerly Over the Cliff
• From the People in Charge of Creative Excellence
• Jews, Christians, and "The Great Fear"
• While We're At It

These reflections are prompted by a remarkable new book by a young Englishman who teaches theology at the University of Exeter. His name is Ian S. Markham and the book is titled Plurality and Christian Ethics (Cambridge University Press, $30). Markham's argument has many parts, and following it requires close attention even by the theologically and philosophically trained, but it richly rewards the effort. In summary form, Markham is making two claims, one philosophical and the other historical. They are admittedly very big claims, which is why he devotes an entire book to defending them. Markham also knows that his claims run counter to conventional wisdoms about tolerance and truth, which is why he attends so carefully to the arguments of his opponents.

The philosophical claim is this:

[T]he contemporary threats to plurality do not come from religion but from secularism. The secularist, who has given up the quest for truth and therefore moral debate and rational dialogue, is the greater danger to tolerance. A religious foundation for tolerance is grounded in the reality of God that ensures the intelligibility of the universe. This foundation is the only effective antidote to secular reason, which cannot avoid the dangers of nihilism. Truth claims depend upon the conviction that the universe is intelligible, and that in turn depends upon belief in God.

[T]he United States has made a cultural discovery. It has found good religious reasons why we ought to affirm plurality. The British [and European] debate about plurality is still firmly rooted within the confines of premodernity and modernity. However, the nation of immigrants was forced, right from the start, to engage with plurality. And slowly a culture emerged that was both religious and tolerant. This led some to suggest that America had created a new religion-civil religion; but in fact Christians, Jews, and Muslims were discovering the importance of plurality. . . . In this sense, Americans are postmodern.

The Courage of His Conclusions

It is given to certain cultures at certain times to discover a different way of understanding their religious tradition. Often the discovery is embedded in existing beliefs; sometimes it is a distinctive innovation. More often than not it is a combination of the two. The discovery, if it survives, becomes so "obvious" that people wonder why it was not discovered before. It was given to the eighth century b.c.e. prophets of Israel to discover the high moral standards God expects of his people. It was given to medieval Europe to experience the all-pervasive influence of the Christian narrative, thereby showing the way in which everything we value can be understood. It was given to the Reformers to discover the democratic implications of the gospel. And now I have shown it has been given to the Americans to discover a religious affirmation of plurality.

But a number of funny things have happened on the way to the end of the twentieth century. For one, secular tolerance has become profoundly intolerant. For another, there is widespread agreement today, also among secular liberals, that secular liberalism cannot provide a convincing philosophical defense of the tolerance that was once the great achievement of secular liberalism. The truth about tolerance is that tolerance requires truth. But, as Markham demonstrates with impressive erudition and panache, from Hume to Kant to Nietzsche to Richard Rorty, modernity has ineluctably corroded intellectual confidence in the possibility of truth. In his extensive and intriguing discussion of Alasdair MacIntyre, John Milbank, Jeffrey Stout, and others, Markham obviously agrees that a historically specifiable tradition of secular rationality has come to an intellectual dead end. With MacIntyre in particular, he champions a rival tradition that draws significantly on Thomas Aquinas, and this alternative Markham typically calls theism.

The discussion of current philosophical disputes constitutes a monograph within this small book of only 225 pages. But it is a necessary discussion, and one filled with frequent juxtapositions that sharply pose what is at stake. This, for example, on Jeffrey Stout's insistence that the threat of public religion still makes necessary a dogmatically secular practice of tolerance, even if that practice cannot be philosophically defended: "Stout wants to resist religious solutions because he does not trust religion. He wants to affirm liberalism because he wants to affirm tolerance. Much of his argument would crumble if it could be shown that a religious culture can also be a tolerant culture. Such a demonstration is the object of this book." At times Markham suggests a stronger form of the argument: not only can a religious culture be tolerant, but only a religious culture can give a convincing reason for being tolerant.

Rational Theism

The more orthodox Christian or Jew might be dissatisfied with Markham's generalized theism, especially since it seems not entirely consonant with his assertion that it is orthodox or conservative religion that provides the most secure foundation for tolerance. On the other hand, Markham might contend that, if even such a generalized theism provides a basis for a coherent argument in defense of tolerance, religion with a fuller and more specific content provides an even firmer basis. Suffice it that Markham's theological program, as distinct from his philosophical program, is underdeveloped in this book. God willing, he will have opportunities to develop that. Develop it he must, if he is to be faithful to his own understanding of the task of the Christian ethicist. The modern Christian thinkers whom he admires (Reinhold Niebuhr being the foremost example) are those who are able, as Markham puts it, to work in "three modes of enquiry"-the theological, the cultural, and the practical.

In addition to the very effective philosophical polemic against naturalism and in addition to his apology for theism, the reader is struck by the close attention to the cultural and practical. Markham is alert to historical contingency without being historicist. In his view, God is still up to things; the human project is by no means finished; history is susceptible to transformative "discoveries"-such as the religious affirmation of pluralism. The "secular narrative" of how tolerance was achieved and pluralism affirmed despite religion and against religion was, Markham recognizes, losing its credibility for some thinkers already in the early part of this century. It does not diminish MacIntyre's achievement to note that long before he came on the scene there were Christian intellectuals who challenged the secular Enlightenment's claim that it represents a tradition-transcending rationality. They recognized that Enlightenment rationalism was one tradition among others, and that it was a tradition that had become increasingly oppressive as it became decreasingly plausible.

Arguments Compared

For Bellah and Neuhaus, on the other hand, pluralism and tolerance are achievements of modernity. Even if they were, in specific historical conflicts, achieved against religion, they can be and should be affirmed by religion. The most important difference between Bellah and Neuhaus, as Markham tells it, is that Bellah thinks such an affirmation requires a "civil religion" or national "covenant." Neuhaus contends that such an affirmation can be produced from the resources of biblical faith, resulting in a religiously informed "public philosophy" that can support a free and democratic social order. Markham has a two-page spread in which he offers a typology of the different theological, cultural, and practical positions of the Christendom Group (Demant), Civil Religion (Bellah), and Public Philosophy (Neuhaus). On the key question of tolerance, for Demant tolerance is a problem of liberalism, for Bellah it is an important social value, and for Neuhaus it is a practice based on a religious insight into how the world really is. Incidentally, in his typology Markham is right, I believe, in noting an important affinity between Bellah and the Christendom Group; both are antimodern in their hostility to democratic capitalism and attraction to various socialist proposals for a more "communitarian" economic and social order.

I cannot speak for the Christendom Group, most of whom are dead, nor for Robert Bellah, who is very much alive, but I have no major complaints about Markham's depiction of my own argument. I do have some major questions, however. They are friendly questions. Whether or not he has made his case convincingly on every front, I believe that Markham is entirely right about his central thesis. The cultural dominance of secularism depends upon the believability of the claim that religion and religiously grounded moral judgment are inherently intolerant. In the thoroughly secularist regime, this is extended to the claim that it is not possible to give any account of the moral good in public because there is and can be no agreement about moral truth. This, in turn, is extended to the claim that there is no such thing as moral truth, and indeed no such thing as truth-at least not in any publicly pertinent sense of the word.

For many of our contemporaries, that is where the argument has come to rest. In a manner that is deservedly called brilliant, Ian Markham argues that this view of things is both irrational and destructive of civil society. He correctly sees that the linchpin of the secularist worldview is the contention that religion, because of its claims to truth, is inherently intolerant. Remove that linchpin and the dogmas of secularism collapse. That linchpin is removed by demonstrating that it is precisely a truth claim of religion that tolerance is not only possible but imperative. The "American discovery" is such a demonstration. QED.

Five Questions

If this suggestion has merit, it may be that we are dealing less with an "American discovery" as with a resumption under American circumstances of a doctrinal development deeply rooted in the Christian tradition. On Markham's own account, even the Christendom Group was frequently ambivalent about tolerance and pluralism, with Demant contending that the achievements of liberalism are better supported by Christian faith than by liberal theory. Conspicuously absent from Markham's account is Roman Catholic social doctrine, especially the teaching on religious liberty of the Second Vatican Council and major documents of the present pontificate, such as the encyclical Centesimus Annus. On questions of truth and tolerance, Catholic teaching has undoubtedly been influenced by "the American discovery" through figures such as John Courtney Murray, but the development of teaching draws on many other sources as well.

Second, Markham knows that tolerance is often viewed as a weak and wimpish virtue, and he urges upon us a stronger sense of tolerance that entails genuine engagement and argument within the bond of civility. It is hard to disagree, but he offers little help in seeing how we get from wimpish tolerance to the tolerance that vigorously engages differences. The American experience, at least at present, is not terribly encouraging on this score (see below on the status of "truth" in our culture). The reason Markham is not as helpful as one might hope on this score is related to my third question. At the end of the day, the reasons he gives for being tolerant tend to depend upon uncertainty and diffidence. In this respect his reasons for tolerance are not unlike those offered by John Stuart Mill. There is nothing wrong with agreeing with Mill when Mill is right, but Mill's arguments for tolerance represent a moderate relativism that, experience demonstrates, ends up in radical relativism. If tolerance is to be well grounded religiously, it must be secured not so much in what we don't know but in what we do know.

In this connection, and without going into detail, Markham does not get quite right what he celebrates as my great contribution to understanding the cognitive implications of Christian eschatology. The fact that history is not yet consummated in the Kingdom, joined to what we know about the diversity of God's creation and the consequences of the fallenness of human nature (including our reason)-all these induce a certain cognitive humility. And that humility is evidenced in an openness to different accounts of the truth, to pluralism. But all of this is premised not upon our uncertainty or ignorance but upon our sure knowledge of, for instance, creation, fall, redemption, and promised consummation. It is because as a Christian I know for sure how the world really is that I know I must respectfully engage and learn from those who disagree with me about how the world really is. It is precisely the Christian account of reality that explains why I do not know all that is to be known and why I can learn also from those who deny the Christian account of reality. This is more than a rhetorical difference with Markham, although it is perhaps that in part. By resting so much of the case for tolerance on the premise of uncertainty, Markham, against his best instincts and stated intentions, runs the risk of reinforcing the secular liberalism that he wants to counter. That is, he runs the risk of reinforcing the assumption that the foundation of tolerance is skepticism rather than knowledge of the truth.

A closely related and fourth question has to do with Markham's implicit assumption that religious pluralism is the permanent state of affairs. He disagrees with John Milbank's claim that Christians speak in order to convert. The main weight of his disagreement, as I understand it, is with Milbank's rejection of the possibility of reasoned persuasion across the divides of conflicting worldviews, religious and otherwise. But Markham also seems to throw into question whether Christians should engage others in the hope that they will be converted to Christianity. It is very difficult, to say the least, for an orthodox Christian to disown the hope that everybody will become Christian. In that apparently improbable circumstance, however, the arguments in support of tolerance and pluralism would hardly be obsolete. Ideally conceived, in that case everything that is good, true, and beautiful in the experience of non- Christians would be encompassed and fulfilled under the auspices of Christianity. With that would also come much that is evil, false, and ugly in the human condition, as we know too well from our experience with Christians, beginning with ourselves. Pluralism within a nominally all-Christian world may be more difficult than at present (remember that the wars of religion were, after all, fought between Christians). In any event, Markham's argument will be severely weakened for orthodox Christians if he means to say that true tolerance requires that Christians eschew the hope for conversion.

Fifth and finally, I suspect that Markham makes too much of my own writings on the American religious experience. More precisely, he is in danger of taking my prescription of how tolerance ought to be religiously grounded as a description of how in fact tolerance is religiously grounded in America. I wish he were more right than I think he is about "the American discovery." Some Americans have made the discovery, I hope many more will, and I do believe that America is singularly situated to demonstrate the truth of the discovery. But we are not at the happy point that Markham sometimes seems to suggest, and there are formidable obstacles in the way of our ever getting there.

For many Christians in America, both Catholic and Protestant, tolerance is simply something to be tolerated. They even feel guilty about being tolerant. If they had the courage of their convictions, they tell themselves, they would be much more aggressively intolerant of those who do not accept the truth that they possess. In addition, there are many more Christians who are indifferent to the question of truth outside the private sphere of "what is true for me." They would not dream of "imposing" their truth on anyone else. This is the vulgar nihilism that makes the mantra of "choice" so devastatingly effective with respect to abortion and other questions of great moral moment. Compounding these confusing dynamics is a still powerful secularist ideology that dominates the political culture and is strongly supported by the judiciary's interpretation of the separation of church and state to mean the separation of religion and, increasingly, the separation of moral discourse from public life. Those who advance that secularist ideology do not, of course, acknowledge that they are imposing their own moral judgments upon the society.

The American experiment is not over, or at least we have no way of knowing whether it is or not. America may yet become, God willing, the history-transforming exemplification of how tolerance can be grounded in truth, including religious truth. It may yet overthrow the tyranny of a humanly truncated and withering secularism that atomizes community and reduces politics to demeaning exercises of the will to power. In sum, America may yet become what Ian Markham thinks, or at least hopes, it already is. If and when it does become that, it will be acknowledged in retrospect that what America is now was in process of becoming what Ian Markham says it is. In that happy event, Plurality and Christian Ethics will be acclaimed as prophetically prescient. Meanwhile, I am pleased to recommend it as one of the most intelligently provocative essays on religion and public life to have appeared in a long time.

To Step Gingerly Over the Cliff

Brookhiser was impressed when some years ago Norman Podhoretz of Commentary remarked that this country would not countenance euthanasia. As soon as the baby boomers started turning fifty, he said, they would see to it that this issue stayed off the agenda. "Let us hope he is right," writes Brookhiser, "because the legal and intellectual spades are turning." One recalls Chesterton's observation that the problem with a mad man is not that he is not logical; the problem is that he is only logical. The Rothstein decision exhibits that kind of logic. He who says A must say B. He who says Roe v. Wade must say assisted suicide.

Rothstein quotes Casey v. Planned Parenthood in arguing that deciding to end one's life, like deciding to have an abortion, "involves the most intimate and personal choices a person can make . . . and constitutes a choice central to personal dignity and autonomy." The judge says that the state has an interest in discouraging suicide by young people and others "with a significant life span ahead of them." Brookhiser notes that the judge is not quite prepared to say B. Brookhiser writes, "If intimacy, choice, dignity, and autonomy are the only standards to be invoked, then any potential suicide has a right to seek assistance, just as any woman, under Roe v. Wade, has a right to an abortion. Who is to say that depressives have less dignity than cancer patients, or that nineteen-year-olds should have less choice than ninety-year-olds?"

At least with this Administration, however, Brookhiser thinks there is a political logic to tying the right to be killed to the abortion right. Abortion seems to be the one sure anchor of the Administration. On abortion, President Clinton has been adamant. "In the midst of all the switchbacks and backtracks, in the murk of Haiti, Bosnia, health care, and welfare reform, the Administration has never wavered on one issue, and that is abortion," Brookhiser observes. In its first day in office, the Clinton team lifted the so-called gag rule, which had prevented federal money from being used to promote abortion. Later, we were treated to the remarkable spectacle of the President of the United States very publicly intervening to get a pill admitted to the country, the infamous RU-486. Clinton supported and signed a law that imposes draconian penalties on those who nonviolently protest at abortion clinics.

This year the administration has put on a full court press to line up the entire U.S. diplomatic apparatus in pushing abortion as an integral part of the United Nations program of population control. In the last instance Clinton has, in a perhaps unprecedented way, brought U.S. policy into direct, explicit, and apparently nonnegotiable conflict with the Vatican. The stakes are very high. Over the next few years the Vatican could become the catalyst for a rebellion of many poor nations against what is accurately described as U.S. cultural imperialism advanced through a compliant UN bureaucracy. The imposition of cultural and moral fashions made in the U.S.A. on poor countries has, so far as we can see, provoked not a chirp of protest from those in this country who a few years ago presented themselves as ardent champions of the "third world" against the oppression of the "first world," meaning the U.S.

Abortion, embryo experimentation, fetal transplants, RU-486, population control-these are the issues on which an otherwise flaccid and wobbly Administration is unmovable. And, of course, they are all issues that find their warrant and logic in Roe v. Wade and its judicial offspring. In this context, there is not only logic but political astuteness in Judge Rothstein's anchoring of the right to be killed in the abortion liberty's right to kill.

Strip-Mining the Constitution

As for Rothstein's invocation of the Casey effusions about intimate, personal, and autonomous choices, Krauthammer wonders why the court does not go further. "Why should the state be allowed to interfere with, say, drug-taking? What decision is more private, more 'intimate and personal,' more an expression of personal autonomy than choosing to alter one's own mood and perceptions through a voluntary act?" And where does the court get off, he wonders, limiting assisted suicide to the terminally ill. There are many people who for various reasons and at various times want to end their lives, and want help in doing so. He cites Michigan law professor Yale Kamisar, who notes that "it is perverse to allow the relief of suicide to the terminally ill whose suffering is about to end shortly, while denying it to the nonterminal who face endless decades of unrelieved anguish."

Krauthammer's focus, however, is on what all this does to American democracy. "Roe is the most spectacular modern example of judicial willfulness. To cite it in a decision that judicially legislates assisted suicide is entirely appropriate. Both decisions strip-mine the Constitution to locate a right never before found and to thereby override the citizenry's right to decide the issue democratically." Krauthammer's conclusion is that of a doleful democrat. "I have no great expectation that over the long run the people and their legislators will firmly hold the line against physician-assisted suicide. But I would rather see the ban overturned by popular will after vigorous debate than by judicial fiat. If the consequences of permitting assisted suicide turn out to be as baleful as I predict, a democratic decision can always be reversed. But with constitutional rights there is no further appeal. . . . As with abortion, all that is left is bitterness, angry demonstrations, and a deep sense of disenfranchisement."

In fact, Rothstein may have, at least by implication, pushed her logic further than some commentaries noticed. In her decision she quotes the decision of a Michigan state judge, Richard Kaufman, who found a right to "rational suicide" whenever "a person's quality of life is significantly impaired by a medical condition [that is] extremely unlikely to improve." "Medical condition" is an exceedingly comprehensive term. Everybody has one. And a condition, whether physical or mental, inevitably impinges upon one's "quality of life." In that case, a rational suicide would seem to be a suicide that someone considers rational. Not necessarily, please note, the person being killed or killing himself. Here, as some disability rights advocates have pointed out, comes the really scary part. The Kaufman decision, which Rothstein cites in support of her decision, invokes as authority the notorious Buck v. Bell decision of the Supreme Court in 1927. That decision allowed involuntary sterilization of women who were not ill but "feeble-minded." ("Three generations of imbeciles are enough," wrote Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the eighty-sixth year of his quality life.)

Not to Worry

Presumably Mr. Dworkin knows that there are 1.6 million abortions per year in the U.S. Presumably he knows that it is not a rare incident in extreme cases, that nearly half of all abortions are performed on women who have had abortions before, sometimes several abortions, that it is in many cases the contraceptive of choice and the counted-upon backstop for sexual promiscuity and male flight from responsibility. Presumably he also knows that, because it is declared a constitutional right, there is no regulation of abortion, or at least no regulation that puts an "undue burden" (Sandra Day O'Connor) on a woman's obtaining an abortion. Presumably he knows what has happened in the Netherlands where it is now acknowledged by all that thousands of people are involuntarily dispatched each year, the beneficiaries of assisted "suicide." Ronald Dworkin may be dumb, but he is not stupid. He knows all of the above. Yet he tells us not to worry about the right to doctor-assisted suicide because, as in the case of abortion, government regulation and conscientious citizens will guard against abuse. He obviously thinks the readers of the New York Times are stupid.

As for the intellectual and moral delinquencies of what is risibly called the newspaper of record, please note how many months it has been since we last visited the subject in these pages. We are capable of moderate self-restraint. But the Times is, alas, pertinent to our subject. As on every other question in the culture war, that paper's partisan rabbling is on the side of putative progress. Name the subject- abortion, school choice, homosexuality, the separation of religion and public life, and did we mention abortion?-the editorial page of the Times is the bellwether of the sectarian hard core. On such issues it is pitted against the views of the majority of Americans, in some cases the overwhelming majority.

There is no reason why a paper that pretends to be national has to be "balanced," but it is remarkable that there is not even one regular voice in the Times that reflects a sympathetic understanding of opposing judgments. Columnists such as Anna Quindlen and Frank Rich apparently find the abyss to their liking. William Safire is the paper's "conservative" columnist, but he is of the libertarian persuasion and so of little help with the things that matter most. A. M. Rosenthal bucks the stereotype from time to time, and, in humorous ways of indirection, Russell Baker is occasionally capable of standing back from his colleagues' fevered orthodoxies. But, with few and rare exceptions, the Times is untouched by bothersome nuances when it comes to what is self-evidently correct. The paper is a daily assault of narrow and simplistic partisanship.

The Times has been a reliable champion of Dr. Joycelyn Elders, the Surgeon General, on everything from capital punishment for smokers (we exaggerate, but only a little), to condom games in kindergarten (we do not exaggerate), to the joys of gay sex. So it is no surprise that the editorial page shares her views on assisted suicide. The day after the Michigan Court of Appeals reinstated murder charges against Dr. Kevorkian for his role in the deaths of two women, Elders commented that "if Dr. Kevorkian is working with his patients and the family and this is their decision, I do not feel I can step in the middle of that decision. . . . I do not view Dr. Kevorkian as a criminal." She observed that suicide is "a very difficult decision, so we probably need some rules . . . some big global rules. But the decision has to be between the family and that doctor." The phrase "big global rules" bears the satisfying connotation that government-is-going-to-do-something-about- it, while at the same time the General makes clear that nothing should be done to place an undue burden, so to speak, on people helping their friends and family to die.

Task Force Taken to Task

Reading the task force report "as a warning to proceed carefully" is to willfully misread what the task force says. After nine years of studying the question, the twenty-four members concluded-and concluded unanimously-that it would be "profoundly dangerous" to take even one step in the direction urged by the Times, the Hemlock Society, and others. "Start gingerly down the road," says the Times, and then see whether assisted suicide leads to "widespread abuse." What counts as abuse? Presumably, involuntary euthanasia, the denial of appropriate care because of cost, and other practices flagged by the task force. And how long should the monitoring go on, and how widespread must be the abuse before it is allowed to challenge this "new frontier of freedom of choice." How tolerant does the Times want us to be? How many innocent people should we allow to be killed, and what is the tolerable number of patients refused needed care, in order to explore this enticing new frontier? Behind these questions, of course, is the taken-for-granted assumption of the proponents of mercy killing that suicide is immune to moral censure, being but another pro-choice option.

The New York Task Force was established by Governor Mario Cuomo in 1985 and, while it has no legislative authority, its recommendations in the past have carried great weight with legislators and jurists in New York and elsewhere. The unanimous and unequivocal nature of the new report surprised many, since the panel has in the past supported "liberal" measures such as the patient's right to refuse intravenous feeding. Task force members include leading advocates of patient rights who were in this case led to the conclusion that assisted suicide would disempower patients, especially those patients already most powerless. Legalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia, the report said, could, among other evils, encourage some doctors to prescribe lethal drugs rather than to treat the pain or depression of severely ill patients. Far from these worries being "nightmarishly speculative," the report very calmly sets forth why, given the structure of medicine today, effective regulation against such abuses is not possible.

Those who are sanguine about coming up with effective regulation and guidelines typically assume that there is a "friend of the family" relationship with the physician, and that medical decisions are made in a personal, reasonable, and compassionate manner. That is not the medical reality for most Americans. Even for the privileged few, however, the task force notes that a "profound dependence characterizes the doctor-patient relationship," and says that some patients and families would feel they had no option if doctors recommended assisted suicide or euthanasia. The steps being agitated in this country have been taken in the Netherlands. In the report's very conservative reading of the Dutch situation, it notes that one percent of all deaths there are by involuntary euthanasia. Extrapolated to the population of the United States, that would mean 16,000 patients per year being put to death who did not ask to be killed. Some students of the Dutch practice suggest that the figures for involuntary euthanasia are more than twice those cited by the New York panel.

"No matter how carefully any guidelines are framed, assisted suicide and euthanasia will be practiced through the prism of social inequality and bias that characterize the delivery of services in all segments of society, including health care," the task force says. "The risks to already vulnerable members of our society would be extraordinary, especially in light of the growing cost consciousness about health care. . . . The risks would be most severe for those who are elderly, poor, socially disadvantaged or without access to good medical care." Dr. Mark Chassin, state commissioner of health and chairman of the task force, says, "A humane society owes its citizens something more than a prescription for a quick exit." Especially, one might add, when patients are not at all interested in exiting just yet.

Always to Care

A striking feature of the New York report is that it realistically recognizes that there will be instances in which doctors help patients to commit suicide. Despite the Hippocratic Oath (which is now falling into desuetude), that has probably always happened. Such instances, however, cannot become the basis for public policy, the task force argues. This realistic understanding that there are some things that are, whether we like it or not, beyond the reach of law and regulation is deeply offensive to a certain rationalistic view of public policy. Any gap between what is legally defined and regulated and what is done in the real world is intolerable to some minds. "Hypocritical" is the charge readily launched.

The thought that some people might, on the shady side of the law, have available to them the "benefit" of assisted suicide or euthanasia while other people do not offends the moral sensibilities of the Times' editors who harrumph, "What a limp and unsatisfactory solution." But of course the task force does not claim to have a solution. Arguing from the basis of justice and prudence, the report convincingly makes the case that the legalization of assisted suicide and euthanasia would be profoundly wrong and dangerous. Only people who have spent too much time staring over the cliff, bemused by the abyss below, are capable of thinking that there is a public policy "solution" for death and dying.

From the People in Charge of Creative Excellence

The New York Times recently did a big two-page spread on four performance artists who were refused grants or lost grants during the 1990 brouhaha over NEA. Grants have been restored, with apologies, by the Clinton Administration. One of the artists talks dirty on stage while smearing herself with what looks like the unmentionable, while the other three are homosexual and specialize in assaulting America's homophobia. John Fleck complains, "I became known as the man who masturbated on stage and urinated on the Bible." The Times sets things straight: "He simulated masturbation, and he did urinate on stage, but not on a Bible." Well, that puts things in an entirely different light. The story continues: "'My work was constantly misquoted and taken out of context,' Mr. Fleck says. The aspects of his performances that were most likely to offend some segments of his audience seemed to be the only ones ever mentioned." That may say something about other aspects of his performance, although masturbating and urinating on stage probably does tend to distract attention from what one is trying to say. Mr. Fleck was very disappointed with his appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show." "I was basically introduced as the man who deals with homosexual issues and other skits. I was the sort of avant-garde freak and was made to feel like a disgusting pervert leeching on the taxpayers' money." It seems Ms. Winfrey's show has some educational value after all.

Another of the four, Holly Hughes, writes plays celebrating lesbianism. One play is titled The Well of Horniness, and of her newest work the Times says that "its title includes a slang term for the clitoris," but the Times isn't telling us what the term is. The Times isn't that kind of paper, or maybe they think we're not ready to know, but there is no doubt that the play is bold and deserving of tax support. Says Ms. Hughes, "My work has always been about publicly representing or revealing a lesbian experience. My desire has been to have it seen outside of a specifically lesbian context-to become visible, to leave the ghetto, to not be marginalized." In other words, Ms. Hughes would like to be rich and famous. She goes on about how awful Americans are for not properly rewarding her for telling them how awful they are. The story says that her saddest experience of recent years has been her father's death in Michigan last summer. She complains, "A third of his obituary unfortunately was about me." Somebody has to pay the price for her becoming "visible." The story concludes: "Ms. Hughes received a $9,375 NEA grant this year. It is her third grant from the agency since 1990."

The same week as the Times story on these victims of censorship, the Economist ran a puff piece on Jane Alexander, Clinton's chairman of the NEA. She takes seriously the criticisms of the NEA, although the Economist is glad to say that she is not neglecting her artistic constituents, noting her defense of a grant to "an HIV-positive artist whose performance involves bloodletting and ritual scarring." Ms. Alexander says the NEA should be less elitist and should, for instance, encourage art as a way of addressing problems in urban schools. Helen Brunner, head of the National Associaton of Artists Organizations, says that the NEA needs to "create a balance between education and creative excellence." Ms. Brunner says, "They need to be sure they don't throw the baby out with the bath water." As for combatting urban turmoil with art, she observes, "You can't solve all the ills in this country with $170 million." One can tell from the way they think and talk that these are people who know a lot about creative excellence.

Jews, Christians, and "The Great Fear"

The subject of anti-Semitism is weary and wearying. The dynamics that impel it are sordid and debased, and those who get involved in the discussion of it risk being soiled. A good argument can be made for simply averting one's eyes, for not lifting the rock to see what is underneath. But Sobran's writings are not under a rock. They appear in publications that cannot be lightly dismissed as entirely beyond the fringe, and have led even sensible people to observe that, while they do not necessarily agree with him, you have to give Sobran credit for having the "courage" to say things that others are afraid to mention.

Typical is a recent column titled "The Great Fear" in which Sobran observes, "There is little active hostility to Jews in America, which is as it should be. But there is also very little public criticism of Jewish politics, which is another matter." In politics and the news media, says Sobran, Buckley and others (whom he derisively calls "Judaeo-Christians") are effectively silenced by the threat of being charged with anti-Semitism, a charge "dreaded like Jove's thunderbolts." Thus the media say little or nothing about Jews who committed treason for the Soviet Union or Israel because that would raise "sensitive questions about Jewish loyalties and their consequences for America." Jews, writes Sobran, can bash the Christian right and Catholic Church to their hearts' content, while "the organized though amorphous Jewish power" intimidates Christians into a "craven conduct" that he describes as "toadying to Jews."

Then there is this in parenthesis: "(It is of course important to bear in mind that most Jews aren't responsible for this, and it is morally and intellectually wrong to blame them indiscriminately; but I assume I am speaking to grownup Christians here.)" He lets off the hook "Jews who were ready to help me when some of my Judaeo-Christian friends were in full flight" after the unpleasantness with Buckley. But the more general Jewish reality is something else, according to Sobran. "Bill in effect warned me that Jewish power would try to wreck my career if I didn't shut up. I didn't and it did." It is this "Jewish power" that Sobran has in mind when he writes, "American public disclosure is being quietly and constantly warped by unseen pressures." His conclusion: "The older I get, the more I am impressed by this pervasive fear of the Jews-or rather, pervasive in some critical power centers, unfelt in other places. It is a huge factor, invisible and incalculable, in American culture and politics."

"Amorphous," "pervasive," "invisible"-it is all very sinister. In defense of Sobran, someone might point out that he is not saying that the influence of Jews is sinister; it is the fear of the influence of Jews that is sinister. But that would be entirely disingenuous. Sobran's claim is that Jewish power is feared because Jewish power is fearful. Not for nothing do those who know what's good for them engage in the "craven conduct" of "toadying to Jews." Few and brave are those who, like Joe Sobran, dare to speak the truth and let the chips fall where they may.

Persisting Puzzlements

The puzzlement is not about the remarkable success of Jews in American life. Anti-Semites speak in sinister terms about the disproportionate (they say "inordinate") number of Jews in high places, as though they were revealing dark secrets. Most Americans are unperturbed by the large number of Jews at the top levels of, for instance, the news and entertainment media, the medical and legal professions, and prestigious centers of higher education. Far from being resentful, most Christians are admiring of Jewish success, attributing it, variously, to superior intelligence, determination, or God's election of Israel. The puzzlement, and the opportunity for anti-Semitic exploitation, is in the perception of Jews as being militantly secularist and hostile to Christian sensibilities and moral convictions.

This puzzlement is not new, but it is being exacerbated today. Religious Jews are more keenly aware than anyone of the inroads of secularism in American Jewry. Orthodox and Conservative leaders have long worried about the loss of Jewish "identity," and today they are joined by many Reform leaders, although in the case of the last "identity" would seem to be more a matter of tribe than Torah. Sobran and his like break no new ground when they point out that Jewish organizations frequently feel free to attack Christian groups-especially evangelical Protestant and Catholic-with impunity, while crying "anti-Semitism" in response to any criticism of Jews. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), to take an obvious example, is very largely directed by secular Jews and is committed to a militantly secularizing course in law and public policy. One is quite free, however, to say that the ACLU is grotesquely wrong without indulging in reckless talk about the "invisible and incalculable" influences of "amorphous Jewish power."

Another recent example is a book published by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL), The Religious Right: The Assault on Tolerance & Pluralism in America. The book is a vicious attack, a slash-and- burn job, on evangelical Protestants involved in conservative politics. It is a very bad thing for an anti-defamation league to engage in defamation. The book includes some smarmy allowances that, of course, these conservative Christians have a right to participate in the political process, but the message is that their religious fanaticism is aimed at destroying that process. The Religious Right is a shameful book that has no plausible purpose other than advancing the liberal Democratic goal of turning politically conservative Christians into a pariah group and thus forcing the Republican Party to distance itself from a large part of its natural constituency. In short, in this book the ADL is playing political games with religious bigotry.

It is noteworthy that a substantial number of prominent Jews have protested the ADL defamation very strongly and very publicly. These Jewish voices point out that it is ludicrous and self-destructive for an organization representing but a fraction of the fraction of the population that is Jewish to, in effect, declare war on millions of Christians because it disagrees with their political positions. They also note, not so incidentally, that evangelical Protestants have over the years been among the strongest backers of U.S. support for Israel. In addition, the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) has protested the ADL smear in no uncertain terms. This, contra the Sobrans, hardly fits a pattern of "toadying to Jews." Beyond the ADL's misrepresentation of Christian political activism, the NAE is rightly indignant because it has in recent years cooperated with the ADL in a dialogue aimed at building greater trust and understanding between evangelicals and Jews. In such a dialogue, both sides risk some tension with their own constituencies. With the publication of The Religious Right, ADL seems to leave no doubt that, when it comes to a choice between partisan politics and Christian-Jewish understanding, partisan politics wins hands down.

Jewish Rethinkings

Those who associate the entirety of American Jewry with the aggressive secularism of the ACLU need to be alerted to such intense debates going on among Jewish Americans. For instance, American Jews & the Separationist Faith: The New Debate on Religion in Public Life, edited by David G. Dalin (Ethics and Public Policy Center), includes forty Jewish thinkers reflecting, often in quite fresh ways, on how Jews and Christians should define their interests and obligations in the American social order. All this hardly fits Sobran's complaint. He writes: "It would be one thing if we simply had an explicit rule that criticism of Israel and Jewish political power is taboo. But an open taboo is almost a contradiction in terms: The essence of a taboo is the pretense that no subject is really being avoided, that (so to speak) there is no subject there. The power is immensely increased because it goes unmentioned, unmeasured, uncriticized. You can't even talk back to it if you can't talk about it." One obvious response is that Joe Sobran, alas, is talking about it. A problem with his talking about it is his pretense that many others, Christians and Jews, are not talking about it. Another important difference is that, unlike Sobran, they are talking about it not in order to sow resentment and suspicion but to build a more secure foundation for an American future in which Jews and Christians can flourish together.

Sobran is very particularly exercised that the Jewish cabal permits no criticism of Israel. What does this man read? Most of the publications of the political left are incessantly critical of Israel and its policies. Establishmentarians such as Tony Lewis, columnist of the New York Times, bash Israel and its alleged oppression of its neighbors with a regularity that suggests they have but to punch a key on the computer to produce the standard paragraphs of polemic. To be sure, those who criticize Israel get criticized in turn, but they do not get dragged off to the gulag, and, so far as we can see, their careers, far from being "wrecked," are doing very nicely, thank you. Admittedly, there is a limit. Those who criticize Israel and U.S. policy toward Israel must give believable evidence that they really care about the security of Israel. What security means in terms of specific policies is eminently debatable, but writers who seem not to care, who seem to be hostile to the very existence of Israel, are viewed as being beyond the pale, and rightly so. There is a taboo and, contra Sobran, it is open, explicit, and morally imperative. Among decent people, the imperative to guard against the possible destruction of three million more Jews is not an open question. If that be censorship, it is but another good argument for censorship. Moreover, it is unseemly for people who knowingly violate taboos to complain that there is a price to be paid.

Sobran presents himself as a serious Catholic, and his ruminations appear each week in the Wanderer, an influential publication on the Catholic right. His flirtation with anti-Semitic language and sentiment cannot be squared with Catholic teaching on the connection between Jews and Christians. Or perhaps he thinks the Church, and this Pope in particular, are guilty of "toadying to Jews." As was already suggested by Pius XII, if we are Christians at all, we are Judeo- Christians. There is no way to be Christian other than in relationship to the covenant with Abraham and with those whom John Paul II has repeatedly called "our elder brothers" in Living Judaism.

Jews and Christians are providentially entangled with one another. Because many Jews and many Christians do not understand that, the relationship will continue to be very difficult at times. We in America have a historically unique opportunity-and therefore obligation-to construct bonds of understanding conducive to the civil and spiritual flourishing of Christians and Jews alike. Nowhere else in the world are there enough Christians and Jews so situated as to be able to redefine their relationship in obedience to the God of Israel. Christians should indeed be motivated by "The Great Fear"-not the fear of allegedly sinister Jewish power, but the fear of betraying a moment of opportunity and obligation that has never happened before and, if betrayed, may never happen again.

While We're At It

• Reliably picking up on the latest, the Doonesbury strip of June 8 has a homosexual character assert, "For 1,000 years the Church sanctioned rituals for homosexual marriages." His friend responds, "Oh well, sure, Catholics. They have a ritual for everything." For many things, but not for that. The strip is informed, so to speak, by John Boswell's latest book contending that Christianity, before its fall into homophobia, had a benign view of homosexual relations. The book will be receiving critical notice in a forthcoming issue. As for the credibility of Dr. Boswell in the community of scholars, readers might want to consult "In the Case of John Boswell" (March 1994). There is a ritual for cartoonists who propagandize on behalf of immoral behavior. (Confessions are heard at noon, five p.m., and by appointment.)
• Russell Kirk had been ill for several months. A friend tells us that, on the night before his death, Russell requested a book from the library for bedtime reading. He asked for All's Well That Ends Well. The phrase "death with dignity" is much abused, but sometimes it seems appropriate.
• Just when you thought you had read everything you need to read about the infamous and incoherent Supreme Court decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, along comes this 122-page blockbuster by Paul Benjamin Linton in Saint Louis University Public Law Review (Vol. XIII, No. 1). Scholars and those involved in abortion-related litigation can obtain a copy from Americans United for Life, 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60604.
• "STOP JOB DISCRIMINATION AGAINST LESBIAN AND GAY AMERICANS." That's the heading of a full-page ad in the New Republic signed by many prominent citizens. Among the religious figures signing on: Bishop Edmond L. Browning (Episcopal Church), Bishop Herbert W. Chilstrom (ELCA Lutheran), William Sloane Coffin, Bishop Thomas Gumbleton (Detroit), Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler (Union of American Hebrew Congregations), and President Paul Sherry (United Church of Christ). The statement calls for federal laws prohibiting discrimination against gays and lesbians in the workplace. Presumably, "workplace" would include religious institutions. And inevitably, as recent history demonstrates, laws against discrimination will require goals and quotas that must be met as evidence that an organization is not discriminating. There is every reason to suppose that those who signed the statement know that and have no problems with it. The statement was sponsored by the Human Rights Campaign Fund, a leading political lobby of the homosexual movement.
• In the last couple of years, one group that has been showing up at pro-life rallies takes all sides by a bit of surprise. It is called the Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians (PLAGAL) and their literature represents a distinctive take on why Americans should rally to the defense of the vulnerable. Reports are that PLAGAL activists have been generously received by other pro-lifers, despite emphatic disagreement about homosexuality. For information, write PLAGAL, P.O. Box 33292, Washington, D.C. 20033.
• The conventional claim of any group aspiring to official victim status is that they are not seeking remedy by quota system; they only want to end discrimination against them. Some of those who make that claim may honestly believe it, but, regrettably, in today's world of victim entitlements it is nonsense. Catholic Charities of San Francisco may lose $1.5 million in AIDS contracts because its board of directors balked at a city requirement that its members disclose their sexual orientation. City officials say that the rule ensures that service providers are sympathetic to their target populations. Catholic Charities says that the sexual orientation of board and staff members is a private matter. The organization follows a "don't ask, don't tell" policy. This does not satisfy the city. You have to prove that you don't discriminate. You prove it by having the requisite number of gays on your board and staff. If you do not have the requisite number, you must agree to a "good faith goal," a.k.a. a quota. It follows that you must discriminate in order to prove that you do not discriminate. Because the city is so concerned about being sensitive to the target population, it is holding up a $412,000 contract for a residential program that provides care for homeless and destitute AIDS patients. Those who suffer by the program's loss may take satisfaction in knowing that their loss is the gain of homosexuals who want jobs with Catholic Charities. Or, more likely, want to take over Catholic Charities. All in the name of sensitivity, to be sure. Be sensitive or I'll put you out of business.
• "But, clearly, we continue to move forward and upward as a people and a state." That from Mario Cuomo's new book, The New York Idea: An Experiment in Democracy (Crown). There is much more like that. For instance: "Without the willingness to see our own good in the good of the whole community, we will not achieve all we should. We cannot afford to lose the next generation to drugs, or AIDS, or inadequate education-even if they're not your children, or mine, they are our children. There can be no separate city. No man is an island. No woman. No race. No neighborhood. No town. No state. No nation. Our future will be determined by how well we bring together all the parts. From our uncertain origins, through billions of years of evolution that still remain largely a mystery, a chain of life has connected the countless fragments of the universe, reconciling apparent contradictions. From water came vegetation, evolving into new and more complex forms, eventually into living organisms, the higher forms of life, and finally to human beings-with minds, souls, the capacity to think and then to think better. Out of a struggle for survival, human beings, understanding their need for one another, came together, creating clans, tribes, villages, then nations and whole civilizations, progressing in fits and starts, inexorably toward the light." In his stirring conclusion this politician who journalists hail as the closest we have seen in a long time to the ideal of the philosopher king urges us "to live by the sweet wisdom that E. B. White offered us years ago: 'New York is to the nation what the white church spire is to the village-the visible symbol of aspiration and faith, the white plume saying the way is up.' Excelsior!" One suspects that most Americans, and perhaps most New Yorkers, would have some rather imaginative suggestions as to what the Governor might do with his plume. In any event, as of this writing it appears that Cuomo will be reelected to his 26th term, or whatever it is. The Republican ticket, except for Herb London as Comptroller, is on Cuomo's side with respect to abortion and other issues in the culture war. London is also on the Right to Life line and, if he gets enough votes there, he would be the highest elected Republican in state government. Observers point out that he would then be in a position to reshape a party that could seriously challenge the knight of the white plume. But how we would miss what the journalistic herd persists in describing as Mario Cuomo's mastery of rhetoric.
• The Pope John Center in Braintree, Mass., sponsors this annual gathering of bishops and makes available tapes of presentations by notables-including, this year, Hadley Arkes, Michael Medved, Joyce Little, Fr. Augustine DiNoia, and this writer. The theme is "Celebrating the Year of the Family." For more information, write Leila Harrington Little, Pope John Center, 186 Forbes Road, Braintree, MA 02184.
• As the Rwanda catastrophe ground on from day to day, it seemed unlikely the news would bring anything new. One's mind becomes coarsened. You've seen one genocide you've seen them all. But then there was this. It was not exactly new, being but a story on another thousand or so people slaughtered, Tutsis hacked to death by Hutus. A reporter, Ian Fisher, caught up with some of the survivors at a camp. He reports, "There were very few women and no infants. 'They could not run fast enough with the children, so they were the first to be killed,' said Eric Nzabihimana, 28, a teacher, who said his parents and five brothers and sisters had been killed." The women with the children could not run fast enough, so they were killed. Mr. Nzabihimana explained, "We have had nothing to eat, so we had no strength to defend ourselves or to run." But that does not really explain. The men did have the strength to run, and they ran. They did leave the women and children behind to fend for themselves, to be killed. Confronted by unimaginable horror, who of us can know for sure what he would do? But it seems unimaginable that one would explain to a stranger, in a manner matter of fact, that the reason the women and children were killed is that they couldn't run as fast as we could. "Maybe," one can all too easily imagine Mr. Nzabihimana continuing, "the women could have run as fast but, you see, they had to take care of the children. Well, we all know how women are, they wouldn't leave the children behind to be killed, you see. They're not like us, are they, sir?" That one sentence-"They could not run fast enough with the children, so they were the first to be killed"-made for hard praying that day.
• The Forward is a self-consciously secular Jewish paper, but upon his death it had some appreciative things to say about Rebbe Menachem Schneerson, whom many Lubavitchers hoped would be the Moshiach, or Messiah. The editorial concludes with this: "There's a lot of talk about a crisis of confidence in the Lubavitcher community now that the man many believed to have been the Messiah has passed on. Our own hope is that they stand their ground and continue to place their faith in America." Thou shalt have no other gods before it.
• "Church attendance is notoriously over-reported as a socially desirable activity, so true attendance figures are surely lower than those reported," says Humphrey Taylor, president of the Louis Harris poll. This is one of several challenges in the past year to what is thought to be one of the most stable social factors in American life: four out of ten adult Americans attend church or synagogue each week. Interestingly, the Harris poll makes much of their finding that the number of adults saying they attended at least weekly dropped from 51 percent in 1986 to 43 percent in 1994. In the polling that it has been doing since the 1930s, Gallup never had a figure as high as 51 percent and only in 1989 was it 43 percent for weekly attendance. The difference is that Gallup does not just ask people whether they go to church weekly but asks about a very specific week, and Gallup asks the question several times during the year in order to adjust for seasonal changes. Stung by those who claim that respondents say they went to church when they didn't, Gallup tested a more stringent question, asking people to name the church or synagogue they had attended within the last seven days. In response to the standard question, the figure was 41 percent, while it was 40 percent in response to the more stringent question, which is not a statistically meaningful difference. Gallup stands by its six decades of research on this question, and offers some thoughts on why some people persist in challenging it: "Whether or not you happen to be one of the four persons in ten who does attend pretty much depends upon who you are and where you are. Most reporters for the national media, for example, tend to be young, live in large cities like New York or Los Angeles, and when they do attend services they usually go to places where the congregation is largely white. That is a fairly good profile of the people least likely to attend worship services." Realities are very different in the South and Southwest, in smaller cities and rural areas, and among blacks and more traditional ethnic communities. The Gallup data and explanation are persuasive. The confusion would seem to arise from the circumstance that those who tell us that "the times they are a'changing" and consider themselves to be the experts on what they claim is a rapidly changing society just cannot abide the fact that something so fundamental as church attendance stubbornly refuses to change.
• Of course it is very gratifying that First Things has more readers who actually pay to get it than any other publication in the country that deals in a serious way with religion and society. But libraries are also a very important part of the support base for a publication. Public libraries, college libraries, departmental libraries, parish libraries, any kind of library. For publications that have been around for seventy- five years or more, libraries are sometimes the most important part of their subscription base. We've only been around for five years. We hope and expect that most of the readers of FT will continue to be individual subscribers. But the really nice thing about library subscriptions is that they tend to renew automatically without requiring additional promotional costs on the part of the publication. The difficult thing about library subscriptions is that libraries don't subscribe unless they get requests for a particular publication. And that, obviously, is where you come in. Most of our readers have some connection with a library that is not but should be subscribing to FT. Please call, drop a note, winsomely request, adamantly demand, or launch a protest demonstration to get a librarian of your acquaintance to subscribe today. We thank you. Our circulation manager thanks you. Your fellow readers who count on the flourishing of this journal thank you. That's a lot of thanks.

Email this to a friend